Différences entre les versions de « Tohono o'odham »

De Arbres
Ligne 10 : Ligne 10 :
  [...] Word order in Papago is largely free. Thus either the verb, subject or object can usually appear as the first word. But between the auxiliary and the verb the order of elements is constrained."
  [...] Word order in Papago is largely free. Thus either the verb, subject or object can usually appear as the first word. But between the auxiliary and the verb the order of elements is constrained."


  Hale (1983:302):
  "prefixed AUX regularly appears in clause-initial position, while a prefixless AUX is, almost without exception, placed in "second position".
=== example de T1 ? ===
{| class="prettytable"
| (1) ||'''Nt''' ||o || hu: ||hegai mat ||g Huan ||hascu 'i ||gatwi.
|-
|||AUX || FUT || eat:PERF ||that SUBORDAUX ||ART John ||what ever || shoot:PERF
|-
| ||colspan="4" |'I'll eat whatever John shot.', ''Papago'', Hale (1983:310), = (his 24)
|}
{| class="prettytable"
| (2) ||'''Pt''' || o || s-ko'okam e-ju:,|| sa 'i|| ge:s-k.
|-
|||AUX || FUT || s-hurtfully self-do:PERF,|| if INCEP|| fall:PERF-PART
|-
| ||colspan="4" |'You'll hurt yourself if you fall.', ''Papago'', Hale (1983:311), = (his 25b)
|}




Ligne 17 : Ligne 40 :
   "Particles are the only "part of speech" which has vowel-initial members. Since no sentence can be vowel initial, various strategies are employed to avoid this in the interaction between a vowel-initial particle and those forms of the auxiliary which avoid initial position, giving rise to the aux second order which prevails in O'odham finite clauses."
   "Particles are the only "part of speech" which has vowel-initial members. Since no sentence can be vowel initial, various strategies are employed to avoid this in the interaction between a vowel-initial particle and those forms of the auxiliary which avoid initial position, giving rise to the aux second order which prevails in O'odham finite clauses."


 
La description en anglais suivante est la suite de la citation:
La description en anglais suivant est la suite de la citation:
   
   
The irrealis particle ''o'' (glossed FUT) either blocks aux-second or else employs the composite form ''w-o'', with ''w-'' appearing in initial position.  
The irrealis particle ''o'' (glossed FUT) either blocks aux-second or else employs the composite form ''w-o'', with ''w-'' appearing in initial position.  
Ligne 28 : Ligne 50 :
|||w-tAUX3 || FUT ||INCEP || fall:PERF
|||w-tAUX3 || FUT ||INCEP || fall:PERF
|-  
|-  
| ||colspan="4" |'He/she/it will fall.', 'He/she/it is liable to fall.'  
| ||colspan="4" |'He/she/it will fall.', 'He/she/it is liable to fall.' ||||''O'odham'', Hale (2001a:1)
|}
|}


Ligne 40 : Ligne 62 :
|||COMP-AUX3|| who || cry:IMPERF
|||COMP-AUX3|| who || cry:IMPERF
|-  
|-  
| ||colspan="4" |'... who is crying.'  
| ||colspan="4" |'... who is crying.' ||||''O'odham'', Hale (2001a:1)
|}
|}


Ligne 52 : Ligne 74 :
|||(COMP)-tAUX3 || FUT|| INCEP|| fall:PERF
|||(COMP)-tAUX3 || FUT|| INCEP|| fall:PERF
|-  
|-  
| ||colspan="4" |'He/she/it will fall.', 'He/she/it would fall (generic).'  
| ||colspan="4" |'He/she/it will fall.', 'He/she/it would fall (generic).' ||||''O'odham'', Hale (2001a:1)
|}
|}


Ligne 64 : Ligne 86 :
|||AUX3 || still ||sleep:IMPERF ||ART child
|||AUX3 || still ||sleep:IMPERF ||ART child
|-  
|-  
| ||colspan="4" |'The child is still sleeping.'  
| ||colspan="4" |'The child is still sleeping.' ||||''O'odham'', Hale (2001a:1)
|}
|}


Ligne 88 : Ligne 110 :
* Hale, Kenneth & Elisabeth Selkirk. 1987. 'Government and Tonal Phrasing in Papago', ''Phonology Yearbook'' 4, Cambridge University Press, 151–183. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4615414 texte].
* Hale, Kenneth & Elisabeth Selkirk. 1987. 'Government and Tonal Phrasing in Papago', ''Phonology Yearbook'' 4, Cambridge University Press, 151–183. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4615414 texte].


* Hale, Kenneth L. 2001a. 'Preliminary Remarks on the Syntax and Semantics O’odham (Papago) Particles', conf. paper at the SULA Conference, University of Massachusetts.
* Hale, Kenneth L. 2001a. 'Preliminary Remarks on the Syntax and Semantics O'odham (Papago) Particles', conf. paper at the SULA Conference, University of Massachusetts.


* Hale, Kenneth L. 2001b. 'O'odham Fronting'.
* Hale, Kenneth L. 2001b. 'O'odham Fronting'.

Version du 14 novembre 2019 à 17:37

Le tohono o'odham est une langue pima uto-aztèque parlée en Arizona dans la région de Tucson, et dans le nord-est de l'État de Sonora au Mexique.

Syntaxe

Le tohono o'odham partage avec le breton la propriété T2, c'est-à-dire que l'élément tensé ne peut normalement pas débuter le phrase.


 Kroch & Marshall (1973:80): 
 "Papago sentences always contain an auxiliary element which is inflected for the person and number of the subject, the aspect, and the tense. This element either occurs in 'second position' (as the second element in a simple sentence, where the 'first element' can consist of a single particle, a noun or verb, or a whole phrase), or in sentence initial position. If the auxiliary occurs sentence-initially, the first part is deleted (this also applies to some particles when sentence-initial.) Thus the 1st person singular, imperfective, non-future, 'normal mood' auxiliary /'añ/ is reduced to /ñ/ when occurring at the beginning of the sentence.
[...] Word order in Papago is largely free. Thus either the verb, subject or object can usually appear as the first word. But between the auxiliary and the verb the order of elements is constrained."
 Hale (1983:302):
 "prefixed AUX regularly appears in clause-initial position, while a prefixless AUX is, almost without exception, placed in "second position".


example de T1 ?

(1) Nt o hu: hegai mat g Huan hascu 'i gatwi.
AUX FUT eat:PERF that SUBORDAUX ART John what ever shoot:PERF
'I'll eat whatever John shot.', Papago, Hale (1983:310), = (his 24)


(2) Pt o s-ko'okam e-ju:, sa 'i ge:s-k.
AUX FUT s-hurtfully self-do:PERF, if INCEP fall:PERF-PART
'You'll hurt yourself if you fall.', Papago, Hale (1983:311), = (his 25b)


évitement de voyelles initiales

 Hale (2001a:1):
 "Particles are the only "part of speech" which has vowel-initial members. Since no sentence can be vowel initial, various strategies are employed to avoid this in the interaction between a vowel-initial particle and those forms of the auxiliary which avoid initial position, giving rise to the aux second order which prevails in O'odham finite clauses."

La description en anglais suivante est la suite de la citation:

The irrealis particle o (glossed FUT) either blocks aux-second or else employs the composite form w-o, with w- appearing in initial position.


(1)a. w-at o 'i gei.
w-tAUX3 FUT INCEP fall:PERF
'He/she/it will fall.', 'He/she/it is liable to fall.' O'odham, Hale (2001a:1)


Where aux-second is blocked in the irrealis, and the w-o alternative is not taken, the auxiliary itself accommodates the situation by appearing with the complementizer ku-, and hence in "second position," the complementizer counting as initial.


(1)b. k-∅ hed*ai s*oak?.
COMP-AUX3 who cry:IMPERF
'... who is crying.' O'odham, Hale (2001a:1)


This ku-complementizer may itself delete, if the auxiliary base is overt, superficially leaving the auxiliary in initial position and stripped, so to speak, of the initial CV support element ('a-) which would ordinarily appear on an unprefixed auxiliary.


(1)c. (ku-)t o 'i gei.
(COMP)-tAUX3 FUT INCEP fall:PERF
'He/she/it will fall.', 'He/she/it would fall (generic).' O'odham, Hale (2001a:1)


The particles as* 'just, merely' and as*kia 'still, yet,' actually block aux-second, giving the only true case in which the auxiliary must remain initial (thereby avoiding a vowel-initial sentence).


(1)d. 'o as*kia ko:s* g 'ali.
AUX3 still sleep:IMPERF ART child
'The child is still sleeping.' O'odham, Hale (2001a:1)

Terminologie

On trouve aussi pour cette langue le nom papago qui est cependant dépréciatif. Ce terme papago n'est pas une auto-dénomination et signifie 'mangeurs de haricots'. Le terme tohono o'odham est une auto-dénomination qui signifie 'peuple du désert'.


Bibliographie

  • Alvarez, Albert. The Expressions oI Papago, manuscrit non-publié.
  • Alvarez, Albert. The Sounds of Papago, manuscrit non-publié.
  • Alvarez, Albert. 1972. 'Appendix to Kenneth Hale, A New Perspective on American Indian Linguistics', Alfonso Ortiz (éd.), New Perspectives on the Pueblos, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 87-133.
  • Alvarez, Albert & Kenneth Hale. 1970. 'Toward a Manual of Papago Grammar: Some Phonological Terms', IJAL 36, 83-97.
  • Hale, Kenneth L. 1969. 'Papago cim', IJAL 35.203- 12
  • Hale, Kenneth L. 1983. 'Papago (k)c', IJAL 49:3, 299-327.
  • Hale, Kenneth & Elisabeth Selkirk. 1987. 'Government and Tonal Phrasing in Papago', Phonology Yearbook 4, Cambridge University Press, 151–183. texte.
  • Hale, Kenneth L. 2001a. 'Preliminary Remarks on the Syntax and Semantics O'odham (Papago) Particles', conf. paper at the SULA Conference, University of Massachusetts.
  • Hale, Kenneth L. 2001b. 'O'odham Fronting'.
  • Hale, Ken & Ofelia Zepeda. (not dated). 'Tohono O'odham Nonverbal Predicates', handout.
  • Hili, J. H. & Zepeda, Ofelia. 1998. 'Le pluriel en tohono o'odham (papago)', Anthropological linguistics 40(1), Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, Anthropology Department, 1-42.
  • Kroch, Anthony S. & Byron Marshall. 1973. 'Movement Rules and Modal Expressions in Papago', International Journal of American Linguistics 39(2), Indiana University, 80-88.
  • Ojeda, Almerindo E. 1998. 'La sémantique des collectifs et des distributifs en papago', Natural Language Semantics 6(3), Dordrecht: Springer, 245-270.
  • Saxton, Dean. 1982. 'Papago', Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 3: Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches, Ronald W. Langacker, ed. Summer Institute of Linguistics Series. Arlington: University of Texas, 94-266.
  • Voegelin, C. F. & F. M. Voegelin. 1970. 'Our Knowledge of Semantics and How It Is Obtained (With Reference to Hopi /ˀas/ and Papago /čim/)', International Journal of American Linguistics 36(4):241-246.
  • Zepeda, Ofelia. 2016. A Tohono O'odham Grammar, University of Arizona Press.